Resumen La evaluación del riesgo de árboles urbanos es una práctica incipiente en América Latina, debido a la falta de personal calificado y métodos locales validados o adaptados, debiendo utilizarse métodos foráneos. Este artículo evalúa la aplicación de tres de estos métodos en árboles de veredas de la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay: Tree Hazard Risk Evaluation and Treatment System (THREATS), Quantified Tree Risk Assessment (QTRA) and Best Management Practices - Tree Risk Assessment (ISA BMP). Estos fueron aplicados por tres evaluadores con similar nivel de experiencia, en 36 árboles de tres géneros ampliamente utilizados, totalizando 324 evaluaciones y 1.296 datos. Los métodos fueron descompuestos en los componentes: Probabilidad de Falla, Probabilidad de Impacto, Consecuencia y Clasificación del Riesgo. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente a través de un modelo lineal generalizado mixto (p<0,05), considerando los factores: evaluador, método, género, y sus interacciones. Los resultados no muestran diferencias significativas entre evaluadores, pero sí entre métodos, específicamente para Probabilidad de Impacto y Clasificación del Riesgo. El método ISA BMP presentó mayores promedios en estos dos últimos componentes, aun así, se sugiere su uso para árboles ubicados en calles de Montevideo mientras no se desarrolle o adapte un método a las condiciones locales.

Abstract Risk assessment of urban trees is an incipient practice in Latin America, generally performed with foreign methods, due to the lack of qualified personnel and locally validated or adapted methodology. This article evaluates the application of three methods on street trees in Montevideo city, Uruguay: Tree Hazard Risk Evaluation and Treatment System (THREATS), Quantified Tree Risk Assessment (QTRA) and Best Management Practices - Tree Risk Assessment (ISA BMP). Three assessors with similar experience applied three methods in 36 trees of three widely used genera, totaling 324 assessments and 1,296 data. The methods were decomposed into the components: Likelihood of Failure, Likelihood of Impact, Consequence and Risk Rating. The data were statistically analyzed through a generalized linear mixed model (p<0.05), for the factors: assessor, method, genus, and their interactions. Results showed no significant differences among assessors, but there were differences among methods, specifically for the Likelihood of Impact and Risk Rating components. The ISA BMP method presented higher means in these last two components. Still, this method is suggested for street trees in Montevideo until a more appropriate method is adapted or developed for local conditions.

Resumen La evaluación del riesgo de árboles urbanos es una práctica incipiente en América Latina, debido a la falta de personal calificado y métodos locales validados o adaptados, debiendo utilizarse métodos foráneos. Este artículo evalúa la aplicación de tres de estos métodos en árboles de veredas de la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay: Tree Hazard Risk Evaluation and Treatment System (THREATS), Quantified Tree Risk Assessment (QTRA) and Best Management Practices - Tree Risk Assessment (ISA BMP). Estos fueron aplicados por tres evaluadores con similar nivel de experiencia, en 36 árboles de tres géneros ampliamente utilizados, totalizando 324 evaluaciones y 1.296 datos. Los métodos fueron descompuestos en los componentes: Probabilidad de Falla, Probabilidad de Impacto, Consecuencia y Clasificación del Riesgo. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente a través de un modelo lineal generalizado mixto (p<0,05), considerando los factores: evaluador, método, género, y sus interacciones. Los resultados no muestran diferencias significativas entre evaluadores, pero sí entre métodos, específicamente para Probabilidad de Impacto y Clasificación del Riesgo. El método ISA BMP presentó mayores promedios en estos dos últimos componentes, aun así, se sugiere su uso para árboles ubicados en calles de Montevideo mientras no se desarrolle o adapte un método a las condiciones locales.

Abstract Risk assessment of urban trees is an incipient practice in Latin America, generally performed with foreign methods, due to the lack of qualified personnel and locally validated or adapted methodology. This article evaluates the application of three methods on street trees in Montevideo city, Uruguay: Tree Hazard Risk Evaluation and Treatment System (THREATS), Quantified Tree Risk Assessment (QTRA) and Best Management Practices - Tree Risk Assessment (ISA BMP). Three assessors with similar experience applied three methods in 36 trees of three widely used genera, totaling 324 assessments and 1,296 data. The methods were decomposed into the components: Likelihood of Failure, Likelihood of Impact, Consequence and Risk Rating. The data were statistically analyzed through a generalized linear mixed model (p<0.05), for the factors: assessor, method, genus, and their interactions. Results showed no significant differences among assessors, but there were differences among methods, specifically for the Likelihood of Impact and Risk Rating components. The ISA BMP method presented higher means in these last two components. Still, this method is suggested for street trees in Montevideo until a more appropriate method is adapted or developed for local conditions.

SUMMARY: The risk assessment of urban trees is a challenge that must be addressed by many cities, in consideration of their climatology, management and spatial heterogeneity. Since these trees are in stages of aging, added to bad practices, inadequate selection and establishment, amongst others, their early elimination, and hence the loss of the ecosystem services they provide, is being promoted. For this reason, two tree risk assessment methods were developed to be applied in a complementary manner in urban parks, one basic visual (BV) and the other detailed visual (DV), both structured with the components of likelihood of failure, likelihood of impact, consequence and risk rating, being analyzed qualitatively and semi quantitatively. The methods were applied in 24 trees of Eucalyptus and Tipuana genus by two groups of assessors, experienced and inexperienced, totaling 192 assessments. Results were analyzed with a linear mixed model (LMM), which showed differences between both methods for the likelihood of failure, where the assessment of branches turned out to be the attribute with the highest impact. The methods proved to be suitable to be used in a complementary manner, since BV turns out to be efficient when it is necessary to assess a large number of trees. DV turned out to be more effective, since it was able to identify more precisely the attributes of the tree that must be considered for adequate risk mitigation and management. Therefore, their combined use is recommended for risk assessment in trees established in parks.

RESUMEN: La evaluación del riesgo de los árboles urbanos es un desafío que numerosas ciudades deben abordar, en consideración a su climatología, gestión y heterogeneidad espacial, debido al hecho que el arbolado se encuentra en etapas de envejecimiento, sumado a malas praxis, inadecuada selección y establecimiento, entre otras, que están propiciando su eliminación temprana y, por ende, la pérdida de los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen. Por ello se desarrollaron dos métodos de evaluación del riesgo de árboles para ser aplicados complementariamente en parques urbanos, uno visual básico (VB) y otro visual detallado (VD), estructurados con las componentes de probabilidad de falla, probabilidad de impacto, consecuencia y clasificación de riesgo, siendo analizados cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Los métodos fueron aplicados en 24 árboles de los géneros Eucalyptus y Tipuana por dos grupos de evaluadores, con experiencia y sin experiencia, totalizando 192 evaluaciones. Los resultados se analizaron con un modelo lineal mixto (MLMiX), que mostró diferencias entre ambos métodos para la probabilidad de falla, donde la valoración de las ramas secundarias resultaron ser el atributo de mayor impacto. Los métodos demostraron ser adecuados para ser usados complementariamente, ya que el VB resulta ser eficaz cuando se requiere evaluar gran cantidad de árboles, mientras que el VD resultó ser más efectivo, pues fue capaz de identificar de forma más precisa los atributos del árbol que deben ser considerados para una adecuada mitigación y gestión del riesgo. Por lo anterior, se recomienda su uso combinado para la evaluación del riesgo en árboles establecidos en parques.

Resumen Cuatro métodos de evaluación visual del riesgo se aplicaron en 30 árboles urbanos con niveles de riesgo en la ciudad de Talca (Chile). Los métodos utilizados fueron: “Avaliação de árvores de risco na arborização de vias públicas de Nova Olímpia” (método Sampaio), “Internation Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Matheny y Clark” (método ISA[A]), “Best Management Practice BMP/ISA” (método ISA[B]) y “Urban tree risk management USDA Forest Service” (método USF). Los resultados fueron estandarizados para su análisis estadístico, se encontraron diferencias significativas y variaciones en los métodos al aplicar el test no paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis y de Duncan. Se conformaron tres grupos: los métodos Sampaio y USF, que presentaron evaluaciones con riesgo muy alto y alto, respectivamente; el segundo, conformado por USF e ISA(A), presentó evaluaciones de alto a medio riesgo; mientras que un tercer grupo lo conformó ISA(B), con evaluaciones de riesgo bajo. Ya que la ciudad de Talca no cuenta con una metodología propia, se sugiere usar en el área mediterránea de Chile el método ISA(A) o USF, ya que fueron los métodos que presentaron una mejor adecuación a las condiciones locales.

Abstract Four methods of visual risk tree assessment were applied in 30 urban trees with different risk levels, in Talca city (Chile). The methods used were: “Avaliação de árvores de risco na arborização de vias públicas de Nova Olímpia” (Sampaio Method), “International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Matheny & Clark” (Method ISA[A]), “Best Management Practice BMP/ISA” (Method ISA[B]) and “Urban tree risk management USDA Forest Service” (Method USF). The results were standardized for statistical analysis, finding significant differences and variations between the methods, after applying the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Duncan test. Three groups were formed; the Sampaio and USF methods, which presented very high and high risk assessments, respectively; the second one was conformed by USF and ISA (A), which presented high to medium risk assessments; while the third group was shaped by ISA (B) with low risk assessments. Since the Talca city does not have its own methodology, it is suggested that the ISA (A) or USF method could be used in the Mediterranean area of Chile, because they were the methods presenting the best adaptation to local conditions.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a conserved protein with an essential role in translation elongation. Using one and two-dimensional western blotting, we showed that the eIF5A protein level was 2-fold lower in benznidazole (BZ)-resistant (BZR and 17LER) Trypanosoma cruzi populations than in their respective susceptible counterparts (BZS and 17WTS). To confirm the role of eIF5A in BZ resistance, we transfected BZS and 17WTS with the wild-type eIF5A or mutant eIF5A-S2A (in which serine 2 was replaced by alanine). Upon overexpressing eIF5A, both susceptible lines became approximately 3- and 5-fold more sensitive to BZ. In contrast, the eIF5A-S2A mutant did not alter its susceptibility to BZ. These data suggest that BZ resistance might arise from either decreasing the translation of proteins that require eIF5A, or as a consequence of differential levels of precursors for the hypusination reactions (e.g., spermidine and trypanothione), both of which alter BZ’s effects in the parasite.

A secagem natural é uma alternativa que pode ser empregada como pré-secagem ou secagem definitiva para diversas madeiras com baixo custo e condições simples de trabalho. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento das curvas características de secagem ao ar livre de tábuas de Acacia mangium e Tectona grandis. Árvores de cada espécie com idade de 15 anos foram abatidas, com toras de aproximadamente 3 m. Essas foram desdobradas utilizando-se o sistema de cortes tangenciais para a obtenção das tábuas de 3,0 cm de espessura. Instalada a pilha de madeira para a secagem, a umidade inicial das amostras foi determinada e o acompanhamento foi realizado por meio de pesagens periódicas das amostras de controle. Observou-se que nas condições ambientais expostas, a madeira de Acacia mangium secou mais lentamente ao ar livre que a madeira de Tectona grandis. Recomenda-se a análise da curva de secagem para cada espécie separadamente.

Air drying is a simple, low-cost alternative that can be used in the pre-drying or definitive drying of several woods. The objective of the present work was to study the behavior of the characteristic air drying curve for Acacia mangium and Tectona grandis lumber. Fifteen-year-old trees of each species were cut into logs of approximately 3 m in length. The logs were sawn using a tangential cut system to obtain 3 cm-thick boards. After the wood pile was mounted for drying, the moisture content of samples was determined, and monitoring occurred through the periodic weighing of the control samples. It was possible to observe that, under the environmental conditions imposed, Acacia mangium boards dried more slowly than Tectona grandis boards. A separate analysis of the drying curve for each species is recommended.

O conhecimento das relações existentes entre a estrutura anatômica da madeira com suas propriedades físicas ou mecânicas é importante para seu uso adequado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a anatomia microscópica e propriedades físicas da madeira de quatro diferentes espécies florestais. A madeira estudada foi proveniente das seguintes espécies: Cedrela fissilis (Cedro), Híbrido clonal Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (Eucalipto urograndis), Hovenia dulcis (Uva do Japão) e Gallesia integrifolia (Pau d'alho). Para a determinação da retratibilidade, utilizou-se a norma MB26/40 da ABNT (1940); as dimensões lineares foram obtidas com palmer, precisão de 0,001mm. O estudo da anatomia da madeira seguiu as recomendações da norma de procedimento em estudos de anatomia de madeira, da COPANT (1974) e também da IAWA (1989). Os caracteres anatômicos avaliados foram: diâmetro tangencial (µm) e frequência de vasos (nomm-2); comprimento de fibra (µm), diâmetro de lume (µm) e espessura de parede de fibra (µm); altura (µm), largura (µm) e frequência de raios (nomm-1). Os valores do coeficiente anisotrópico foram de 1,16; 1,77; 1,81 e 1,84 para a madeira de C. fissilis, H. dulcis, Híbrido clonal e G. integrifolia, respectivamente, demonstrando que a madeira de C. fissilis possui elevada estabilidade dimensional e as demais madeiras, valores aceitáveis para esse coeficiente.

This study aimed to characterize the microscopic anatomy and physical properties of wood from four different forest species. The wood has been studied from the following species: Cedrela fissilis, Crossbreed clone Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis, Hovenia dulcis and Gallesia integrifolia. To determine the shrinkage it was used the standard of MB26/40 of ABNT (1940), the linear dimensions were obtained with palmer, accuracy of 0.001mm. The study of wood anatomy followed the recommendations of standard procedure in studies of anatomy of wood, COPANT (1974) and also the IAWA (1989). The anatomical characters evaluated were: tangential diameter (µm) and frequency of vessels (nomm-2), fiber length (µm), diameter of lumen (µm) and wall thickness of fiber (µm), height (µm), width (µm) and frequency of rays (nomm-1). The anisotropic factor values were of 1.17, 1.83, 1.89 and 1.90 for C. fissilis, H. dulcis, Crossbreed clone and G. integrifolia, respectively, showing that the C. fissilis wood has high stability dimensional and wood other acceptable values for this coefficient.

ABSTRACT In this research it was analyzed the possibility of producing handmade papers with good properties from mixtures of recycled fibers with kraft pulps of bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) and sugar-cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum). Handmade papers with higher folding endurance and tear strength were produced with the mixtures whose compositions had 20 % or more of sugar-cane bagasse pulp. Papers with higher smoothness and burst strenght were obtained from mixture of 80 % of waste paper mass and 20 % of bagasse pulp. It was observed that mainly the bagasse pulp can be used to improve the properties of the handmade paper.

RESUMO Neste trabalho analisou-se a possibilidade de se produzir papéis artesanais com boas propriedades, das misturas de massa de aparas com as pastas kraft de bambu (Dendrocalamus giganteus) e de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum). Papéis com as maiores resistências à dobragem e ao rasgamento foram obtidos das misturas com 20 % ou mais de pasta de bagaço. Maiores lisuras e resistência ao arrebentamento foram obtidas do consorciamento de 80 % da massa de aparas e 20 % de pasta de bagaço. Concluiu-se que principalmente a pasta do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar pode ser utilizada para melhorar as propriedades do papel artesanal.

Um papel crucial para o gene da polipose cólica adenomatosa (APC) na carcinogênese colo-retal já está estabelecido, mas sua participação nos tumores gástricos permanece controversa. Mutações no APC foram detectadas com uma freqüência relativamente alta em tumores gástricos em pacientes japoneses, mas tais mutações foram relatadas como sendo muito raras em britânicos e em pacientes da região norte-central da Itália. Nós relatamos aqui a análise de 40 adenocarcinomas gástricos esporádicos primários e 35 adenocarcinomas cólicos esporádicos primários (de pacientes residentes em São Paulo, Brasil), quanto a mutações no gene APC entre os códons 686 e 1693, usando o teste da proteína truncada (PTT). Embora 19 mutações que levem a formação de uma proteína truncada tenham sido detectadas em 35 adenocarcinomas do colo (54,2%), não se encontrou nenhuma nos adenocarcinomas gástricos. Como um controle interno, as amostras tumorais foram também avaliadas quanto à presença de alterações de microssatélites, que também são características comuns a ambos os tipos de tumores. Encontrou-se instabilidade de microssatélites em uma amostra de tumor cólico e em 7 de tumores gástricos. Este fato sugere que, no que diz respeito a mutações do APC, os adenocarcinomas gástricos de pacientes brasileiros são semelhantes aos que ocorrem na Europa, e confirmam a diferença fundamental que existe tanto entre os carcinomas gástricos que ocorrem em diferentes regiões geográficas como entre a etiologia molecular de adenocarcinomas gástricos e colo-retais que ocorrem em São Paulo, Brasil.

A crucial role for the adenomatous polyposis colonic (APC) gene in colorectal carcinogenesis has been conclusively established, but, the role of APC in gastric tumors remains controversial. APC mutations have been detected at a relatively high frequency in gastric tumors of Japanese patients, yet such mutations have been reported to be extremely rare in British patients and patients from north-central-Italy. We here report the analysis of 40 primary sporadic gastric adenocarcinomas and 35 primary sporadic colon adenocarcinomas (from patients resident in São Paulo, Brazil), for mutations in the APC gene between codons 686 and 1693 using the protein truncation test. Although 19 truncating mutations were detected in 35 colon adenocarcinomas (54.2%) none were found in any of the gastric adenocarcinomas. As an internal control the tumor samples were also evaluated for microsatellite alterations, which are also common features of both tumor types. Microsatellite instability was present in 1 colon and 7 gastric tumor samples. This suggests that in relation to APC mutations gastric adenocarcinomas from Brazilian patients are similar to those that occur in Europe, and support a fundamental difference both between gastric carcinomas that occur in different geographical regions and between the molecular etiology of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas occurring in São Paulo, Brazil.